[covers] - Ngā Tohuwhenua Mai Te Rangi: A New Zealand Archeology in Aerial Photographs

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

[title page] - Ngā Tohuwhenua Mai Te Rangi: A New Zealand Archeology in Aerial Photographs

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

Ngā Tohuwhenua Mai Te Rangi A New Zealand Archaeology in Aerial Photographs Victoria University Press

Introduction - Ngā Tohuwhenua Mai Te Rangi: A New Zealand Archeology in Aerial Photographs

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

Flights taken for this book. The history of New Zealand may be read in the archaeological and historic sites of its land surface, yet we have one of the least-recognised historical landscapes anywhere in the world. This vital cultural dimension of the New Zealand landscape is as important as its ...

1 — Archaeology and Aerial Photographs

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

This book covers four main kinds of historic places. Traditional sites are spiritually respected-places referred to in Māori tradition, such as the island Te Ana o Paikea, near Whāngārā, on the East Coast. Here, Paikea, an important ancestor of Ngāti Porou, came ashore. Archaeological sites can b...

2 — Settlement Patterns

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

The most important divisions in the organisation and structure of settlement in Māori society were iwi (tribe), hapū (sub-tribe) and whānau (extended family). Iwi were the larger social units, being composed of hapū with a common ancestor or ancestors far back in the genealogy. Hapū, in their tur...

Fire - 2 — Settlement Patterns

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

This chapter has been about settlement pattern as it may be detected over large distances or areas. The remaining important source of evidence on settlement pattern on this scale is the vegetation pattern created by fire. In pre-European New Zealand large areas of forested land were burned, inclu...

3 — Pā - Ngā Tohuwhenua Mai Te Rangi: A New Zealand Archeology in Aerial Photographs

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

Pā are one of the most common features, of the New Zealand historic landscape and provide an extraordinary range of opportunities for aerial photography. Archaeologists always use the term 'pā' to refer to earthwork fortifications; the term as used by archaeologists does not refer to a modern Māo...

Living in the Pā - 3 — Pā

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

The function of pā in the wider settlement pattern of a region or locality has been much debated. 18 The debate has been about whether the pā was a village for everyday living or a 'citadel' to which people went only when under threat. In times of threat, people may have gone either from an 'open...

Pā—age and origins - 3 — Pā

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

Te Rangihiroa, Sir Peter Buck, author of The Coming of the Māori , 26 the standard 1940s account of Māori migration and history, wrongly thought that pā were invented in New Zealand. Les Groube and Roger Green have investigated the Polynesian origins of pā. 27 Roger Green's conclusions about the ...

Fishing and shellfish gathering - 5 — Other Economic Activities

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

Some evidence of pre-European fishing, principally shellfish middens, can be seen in aerial views. Middens can be seen at Ninety Mile Beach, on other beaches in the far North, and also at the dune-covered points forming the entrances to harbours such as Aotea or Mangawhai. Here, shellfish were ga...

Stone quarries - 5 — Other Economic Activities

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

The manufacture of stone tools in Polynesia ranged from sustained periods of wide-ranging trade and great sophistication in exploitation and manufacture, to apparently crude usage of poor quality, local materials. 8 The favoured stone in Eastern Polynesia was basalt, the basic geological componen...

[introduction] - 6 — Nineteenth-Century Fortifications

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

In the earliest periods of the New Zealand Wars (1840s, 1850s), the troops used were the regular British soldiery, 'Imperial' forces. Later in the wars (mid 1860s), as the costs increased, the supply of soldiery was made the responsibility of the New Zealand government, the 'Colonial' forces. Eve...

[introduction] - 7 — Northland and Auckland

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

Northland and Auckland offer an opportunity to look closely at settlement on duneland and volcanic soils, swamp gardening, the eighteenth-century French accounts of Māori life, and the sites of the first episodes of the New Zealand Wars between British regular marines and troops on the one side a...

Waikato - 8 — Waikato and Coromandel Peninsula

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

The coast and the Waikato River and its basin are the dominant landforms influencing human settlement in this region. 10 Much of the southern area is dominated by a relatively sterile volcanic landscape, derived from catastrophic eruptions from what is now the Taupō volcanic basin. There is littl...

[introduction] - 9 — Bay of Plenty and the Taupō Region

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

This region covers the area from Cape Runaway in the east to Waihi in the west, and runs south to-include Lake Taupō and the vicinity of the Tongariro National Park. It is bounded by the Raukūmara and Huiarau Ranges in the east, and the Mamaku Range in the west. These ranges set the limits of hum...

10 — East Coast

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

The East Coast region is bounded by the Urewera, Huiarau and Raukumara Ranges in the west,, and runs from Cape Runaway in the north, south towards Māhia Peninsula. The country is built mainly on relatively young sedimentary rocks with a light coating of ash from the Taupō volcanic region. The ash...

Horticulture - 10 — East Coast

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

Storage pits can be seen everywhere in vast numbers on the East Coast, particularly along the coastal ridges and around rivers. As many as 80 pits can be seen together in a single group, sometimes within the defensive perimeter of a single pā. An example is illustrated here of a pā near Tūpāroa i...

Nineteenth-century sites - 10 — East Coast

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

The river flats had quite extensive settlement away from the coastal strip throughout the nineteenth century. At Tolaga Bay, Waiapu and on the Gisborne plains, there were important stretches of settlement along the lower courses of the river within 5 km of the coast, including papakainga at Manut...

Wairoa River - 11 — Hawke's Bay

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

Sites in the Wairoa River valley were surveyed and mapped by David Nevin in 1987. 6 Site types and their locations were similar to those of Uawa or Waipāoa on the East Coast, although a greater number of pā still survive on the edges of the alluvial terraces. On the ridges near the river valley a...

12 — Taranaki - Ngā Tohuwhenua Mai Te Rangi: A New Zealand Archeology in Aerial Photographs

New Zealand Electronic Text Collection

Taranaki was a major region of Māori settlement, its boundaries expressed in Māori as 'Waitōtara ki Parininihi': 'From the Waitōtara River to Whitecliffs'. 1 An early centre of Māori resistance to the sale of land, from 1860 the region became an important focus of operations in the New Zealand Wa...